During the Heian period, the Chinese art of penjing made its way to Japan, evolving into bonsan (later bonsai) by the Muromachi period. This transformation was profoundly influenced by Zen Buddhism, particularly the Rinzai sect.
Zen teachings place great importance on appreciating the beauty and simplicity of nature. Bonsai became a medium to embody Zen philosophy by recreating natural landscapes within small pots. Through bonsai, Zen monks appeared to deepen their connection with nature as part of meditation and spiritual practice.

Another tradition that developed alongside bonsai, under the influence of Zen Buddhism, is the tea ceremony. At first glance, the tea ceremony and bonsai may seem quite different, yet their essence is remarkably similar and rooted in the same principles.

With this backdrop of Zen, nature, and insights from modern bonsai literature, I have contemplated and investigated what bonsai truly represents and the practices associated with it.

What Bonsai Represents

Harmony between the pot and the plants as an artistic composition

Depiction of natural landscapes within the confines of a pot

Expression of nature's cycles being repeated within the pot

Bonsai Techniques

A clear front with visible trunk, leaning slightly forward

Flow and continuity in the design

Distinctive head or crown

Asymmetry in composition

Adherence to traditional bonsai tree forms

Additionally, bonsai is enhanced when the roots are thick and spread wide, contributing to its beauty.

Regarding the third aspect of bonsai—“Expression of nature’s cycles being repeated within the pot”—this is only achievable with living trees and plants. However, by adding the idea of "being expressed," even artificial artisanal bonsai may align with this concept. It is with this perspective that I continue to explore and develop the art of handcrafted bonsai.